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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

55
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
55
Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

114
Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

388
In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
388
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

352
In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
352
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

497
Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
497
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

261
In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
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Hepatitis D in Children.

Megan M Xue1, Jeffrey S Glenn, Daniel H Leung

  • 1*Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX †Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA ‡Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Texas Children's Liver Center, Houston, TX.

Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
|May 20, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis D virus (HDV), a defective RNA virus needing hepatitis B virus for spread, causes severe liver disease. Despite HBV vaccination, HDV persists due to underdiagnosis, necessitating new treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a unique, single-stranded circular RNA virus requiring hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen for transmission.
  • HDV infection is highly pathogenic, leading to rapid cirrhosis and severe complications.
  • Despite universal HBV vaccination, HDV prevalence remains a concern in the US due to underrecognition and lack of targeted testing.

Observation:

  • Few studies have investigated HDV prevalence and characteristics in pediatric populations.
  • This report details two pediatric cases of HDV infection originating from Eastern Europe.
  • Both patients received treatment with pegylated interferon-alfa.

Findings:

  • Current standard treatments for HDV infection demonstrate suboptimal efficacy.
  • The study highlights the ongoing challenge of managing HDV, even with existing therapies.
  • Insights into HDV virology are crucial for developing effective interventions.

Implications:

  • The findings underscore the need for improved diagnostic strategies and increased awareness of HDV.
  • Novel therapeutic targets, including prenylation and viral entry inhibitors, show promise for future HDV treatment.
  • Further research into pediatric HDV is essential for understanding its long-term impact and developing targeted therapies.