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Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

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Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

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The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.

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Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-phosphinetriyltripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions

Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-phosphinetriyltripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions

Published on: March 20, 2014

Orthogonal tandem catalysis.

Tracy L Lohr¹, Tobin J Marks¹

¹Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.

Nature Chemistry

|May 21, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Orthogonal tandem catalysis enables efficient one-pot reactions by using multiple catalysts for distinct steps. This approach minimizes waste and time, addressing catalyst incompatibility for complex chemical transformations.

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Development of Heterogeneous Enantioselective Catalysts using Chiral Metal-Organic Frameworks MOFs

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Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-phosphinetriyltripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions

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Retropinacol/Cross-pinacol Coupling Reactions - A Catalytic Access to 1,2-Unsymmetrical Diols

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Development of Heterogeneous Enantioselective Catalysts using Chiral Metal-Organic Frameworks MOFs

Development of Heterogeneous Enantioselective Catalysts using Chiral Metal-Organic Frameworks MOFs

Published on: January 17, 2020

Area of Science:

Catalysis
Organic Chemistry
Chemical Engineering

Background:

Tandem catalysis offers advancements in efficient catalytic processes.
One-pot tandem reactions combine multiple catalysts in a single vessel for staged steps, reducing waste and time.
Orthogonal tandem catalysis utilizes multiple catalysts for distinct reaction steps within one pot.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize recent developments in orthogonal tandem catalysis.
To analyze strategies for overcoming catalyst incompatibility in one-pot systems.
To highlight thermodynamic leveraging for challenging transformations.

Main Methods:

Review and analysis of recent literature on orthogonal tandem catalysis.
Focus on strategies addressing catalyst incompatibility.
Exploration of thermodynamic leveraging in coupled catalytic cycles.

Main Results:

Demonstration of successful orthogonal tandem reactions.
Identification of effective strategies for managing catalyst incompatibility.
Application of thermodynamic leveraging to achieve difficult chemical transformations.

Conclusions:

Orthogonal tandem catalysis is a powerful strategy for efficient synthesis.
Addressing catalyst incompatibility is key to expanding its applications.
Thermodynamic leveraging opens new possibilities for energetically demanding reactions.