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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Olfaction01:25

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Thermosensation01:43

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Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
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Related Experiment Video

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Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis
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Integrating temperature with odor processing in the olfactory bulb.

Eugen Kludt1, Camille Okom2, Alexander Brinkmann2

  • 1Institute of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|May 22, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Temperature sensing occurs in the olfactory system, not just the skin. This study reveals temperature-induced neural activity in the Xenopus olfactory bulb, processed alongside chemical signals.

Keywords:
activity correlation imagingchemosensitivityintegrationmitral cellsolfactory bulbthermosensitivity

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory System Research
  • Sensory Physiology

Background:

  • Traditionally, temperature perception was considered a somatosensory function.
  • Recent research suggests olfactory systems also detect temperature, particularly in rodents via the Grueneberg ganglion.
  • This study explores temperature's role in the olfactory bulb's neural circuits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate temperature-induced neural activity within the olfactory bulb.
  • To determine if temperature signals are processed in glomeruli and mitral cells.
  • To explore the integration of temperature and chemical sensing in the olfactory system.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized calcium imaging and fast line-scanning microscopy in Xenopus tadpoles.
  • Examined neural responses in the γ-glomerulus and mitral cells of the olfactory bulb.
  • Stimulated the olfactory epithelium with temperature changes.

Main Results:

  • The γ-glomerulus showed high sensitivity to temperature drops in the olfactory epithelium.
  • Temperature-induced activity in the γ-glomerulus was transmitted to innervating mitral cells.
  • A significant portion of thermosensitive mitral cells also responded to chemical stimuli.
  • The γ-glomerulus receives both ipsilateral and contralateral inputs, integrating temperature signals from both nasal cavities.
  • Temperature drops in the contralateral olfactory epithelium also elicited responses in the olfactory bulb.

Conclusions:

  • Temperature is a significant physiological input for the Xenopus olfactory system.
  • The olfactory bulb integrates and encodes temperature information from both nasal cavities.
  • Temperature and chemical sensing are processed within shared neural networks in the olfactory bulb.