Vascular lesions--congenital, acquired, and iatrogenic: imaging in the neonate

The imaging of vasculitis, vasculopathies, and other vascular disorders in neonates presents unique challenges compared with the vascular imaging of older children or adults. These challenges include small-caliber vessels, the need for sedation or anesthesia, a high rate of vasospasm, higher respiratory rates, and a greater susceptibility to long-term effects of ionizing radiation. Duplex ultrasound (US) is typically the first-line imaging modality; in most cases, US provides key diagnostic information necessary for guiding initial management. Magnetic resonance or computed tomography angiography may be performed following US to further define vascular anatomy and relationships, to achieve a definitive diagnosis, and to guide endovascular or surgical planning when necessary. This review article presents and illustrates an update on the imaging strategies for congenital, acquired, and iatrogenic vasculopathies and vascular disorders in neonates.