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Related Concept Videos

Body Planes01:06

Body Planes

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Body planes in anatomy are imaginary flat surfaces used as reference points to divide the body into sections for anatomical study. These planes are essential for understanding the orientation, relationships, and spatial organization of anatomical structures.
The sagittal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body resulting in equal division, it is called the midsagittal or median...
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General Structure of a Vertebra01:30

General Structure of a Vertebra

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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

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The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the...
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
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Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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Anatomical Movements00:51

Anatomical Movements

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Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist,...
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Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Vertebrate hox temporal collinearity: does it exist and what is it's function?

Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)·2019
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A time space translation hypothesis for vertebrate axial patterning.

Seminars in cell & developmental biology·2015
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Editorial: LANDMARKS IN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION.

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Dictyostelium: The Mathematician's Organism.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation
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Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation

Published on: February 28, 2021

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Time, space and the vertebrate body axis.

A J Durston1

  • 1Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Netherlands.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|May 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Vertebrate anterior-posterior (A-P) axis patterning relies on timed mechanisms. A BMP-anti-BMP dependent time-space translation (TST) system integrates signaling pathways from head to tail, with the somitogenesis clock providing posterior precision.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Vertebrate anterior-posterior (A-P) axis patterning is a timed process, with anterior structures specified early and posterior structures late.
  • Key signaling pathways, including Wnt, BMP, and nodal, play crucial roles in regulating A-P patterning through timed decision points and sequential mechanisms.

Discussion:

  • The study reviews time-space translation (TST) mechanisms, particularly the BMP-anti-BMP dependent system, and its relation to organizer studies.
  • It integrates findings on TST extending from the blastula stage (anterior head) to the mid-neurula stage (tail tip), involving factors like Hox genes and the somitogenesis clock.

Key Insights:

  • A unified BMP-anti-BMP dependent A-P TST mechanism operates from the extreme anterior domain (EAD) to the tail tip.
Keywords:
A–PEmbryosGenesHoxPatterningTiming

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  • TST involves sequential timed transitions between ventral and dorsal states, with Hox temporal collinearity acting as a timer in the trunk-tail region.
  • The somitogenesis clock is upstream of the TST timer, enhancing precision in posterior axis patterning.

    • Outlook:

    • Further investigation is needed to fully elucidate TST mechanisms in the head region.
    • Understanding the interplay between classical A-P signaling pathways, TST decision points, and the somitogenesis clock will refine models of axial patterning.