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In gas chromatography, the sample is introduced as a vapor plug into the carrier gas stream for high efficiency and resolution. A microsyringe injects the sample solution into a heated sample port, vaporizing it and mixing it with the carrier gas. This process is important to ensure the sample is properly prepared for analysis. Thermally sensitive samples can be injected directly into the column and volatilized by slowly increasing the column temperature.
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Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
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A gas-diffusion flow injection method coupled with online solid-liquid extraction for the determination of ammonium

Irina I Timofeeva1, Andrey V Bulatov2, Aleksey L Moskvin2

  • 1Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, pr. Universitetskij 26, Saint-Petersburg 19850, Russia; School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.

Talanta
|May 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary

A new gas-diffusion flow injection method accurately measures ammonium in building materials. This rapid technique is reliable for analyzing concrete, cement, and sand samples.

Keywords:
AmmoniaAmmoniumBuilding materialsFlow injection analysis (FIA)Gas-diffusionLeachingSolid–liquid extraction

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Ammonium presence in building materials can impact durability and environmental safety.
  • Accurate and efficient methods for ammonium determination are crucial for quality control and risk assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a simple, rapid, and reliable gas-diffusion flow injection (GD-FI) method for ammonium determination in building materials.
  • To validate the method's performance and applicability to common construction materials.

Main Methods:

  • Leaching ammonium from ground solid samples into an alkaline solution to generate ammonia gas.
  • Transporting ammonia gas via a nitrogen stream to a gas-diffusion (GD) cell for absorption.
  • Measuring ammonium concentration indirectly through absorbance changes of an indicator solution (cresol red and thymol blue) at 580 nm.

Main Results:

  • The method demonstrated a linear concentration range of 0.1-5.0 mg NH4(+) kg(-1).
  • A low limit of detection of 8 μg NH4(+) kg(-1) was achieved.
  • The method offers a sample throughput of 10 samples per hour.

Conclusions:

  • The developed GD-FI method provides a simple, rapid, and reliable means for ammonium determination in building materials.
  • The method was successfully applied to analyze ammonium content in concrete, cement, and sand.
  • This technique offers a valuable tool for quality control in the construction industry.