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Related Concept Videos

Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells

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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal01:12

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Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
Direct cell-to-cell contact is needed for the activation of Notch signaling. The signal is initiated when a notch ligand binds to a receptor on an adjacent cell, also...
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Role of Ephrin-Eph Signalling in Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal01:22

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Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma receptor (Eph) and its ligand, Eph receptor-interacting protein (Ephrin) were first discovered in the human carcinoma cell line, hence the name. Ephrin-Eph interaction guides cells to reach their appropriate location in adult tissues. They also play an essential role in the immune system by helping in immune cell migration, adhesion, and activation. Based on their structure and function, Eph is divided into two classes — EphA and EphB.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Lineage Commitment01:21

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Commitment is the  process whereby stem cells:
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Gastrulation01:56

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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Generation, Maintenance, and Characterization of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal and Colonic Organoids
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At new heights - endodermal lineages in development and disease.

Elke A Ober1, Anne Grapin-Botton1

  • 1Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark anne.grapin-botton@sund.ku.dk elke.ober@sund.ku.dk.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|May 28, 2015
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Endoderm development and malfunction are key to homeostasis. Advances in stem cell organoid models offer new insights into endodermal organ development and disease.

Keywords:
DevelopmentDiseaseEndodermKeystoneOrganogenesisProgenitorsStem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Stem cell research
  • Organogenesis

Background:

  • The endoderm, or 'innermost germ layer,' forms vital organs like the lungs, liver, and pancreas.
  • Endodermal organ development and malfunction are crucial for organismal homeostasis and metabolism.
  • Historically, endoderm research has been overshadowed by ectoderm and mesoderm studies.

Framework:

  • Recent Keystone meeting highlighted significant progress in endodermal organ development.
  • Focus on dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying endodermal organ formation and dysfunction.
  • Integration of stem and progenitor cell research with developmental biology.

Implementation:

  • Widespread use of in vitro cultures for stem and progenitor cells.
  • Successful differentiation of three-dimensional organoids from endodermal precursors.
  • Development of novel organoid models for studying endodermal diseases.

Implications:

  • Organoid models provide powerful new tools for disease modeling and drug discovery.
  • Enhanced understanding of endodermal organogenesis and its role in health and disease.
  • Potential for regenerative medicine applications targeting endodermal tissues.