Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Full-Endoscopic Surgery for Hypothalamic Hamartoma Resection
Published on: April 12, 2024
Surgery for treatment of refractory chronic cluster headache: toward standard procedures
Angelo Franzini1, Giuseppe Messina
1Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", Via Celoria 11, 20133, Milan, Italy.
Abstract:
The degree of disability due to chronic cluster headache refractory to conservative treatments justifies surgical procedures as second-line treatments. Many studies and reports nowadays confirm the efficacy of the two mostly used surgical techniques in such cases. Both deep brain stimulation and occipital nerve stimulation are in fact currently utilized for this purpose but the surgical technique has not yet been standardized. We describe the surgical steps of both procedures.

