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Related Concept Videos

Role of Microtubules in Cell Wall Deposition01:02

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Microtubules are small hollow tubes in eukaryotic cells. The cell wall microtubules are polymerized dimers of two globular proteins, α-tubulin and β-tubulin, two globular proteins. With a diameter of about 25 nm, microtubules are the widest components of the cytoskeleton. They help the cell resist compression and provide a track along which vesicles move through the cell or pull replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell. Microtubules go through quick cycles of...
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 Every plant cell has a cell wall that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives the cell shape. Cellulose, the main structural component of the plant cell wall, makes up over 30% of plant matter. It is the most abundant organic compound on earth.  Cellulose is an unbranched polysaccharide composed of linear chains of glucose molecules linked by β (1→4) glycosidic bonds.
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

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Introduction
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Towards Biomimicking Wood: Fabricated Free-standing Films of Nanocellulose, Lignin, and a Synthetic Polycation
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Recent developments in the catalytic conversion of cellulose.

Yan Wang1, Hang Song1, Lincai Peng1

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Cellulose conversion technologies are crucial for meeting energy demands. Recent advancements focus on heterogeneous catalysis, ionic liquid hydrolysis, and hot-compressed water hydrolysis for efficient biomass conversion.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomass Conversion and Renewable Energy

Background:

  • Growing global energy demand necessitates efficient biomass conversion technologies.
  • Cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer, is a primary target for biomass conversion research.
  • Traditional methods like gasification and pyrolysis are briefly reviewed.

Approach:

  • Detailed examination of cellulose hydrolysis as a key conversion pathway.
  • Introduction of recent developments and applications in cellulose conversion.
  • Focus on promising techniques: heterogeneous catalysis, ionic liquid hydrolysis, and hot-compressed water hydrolysis.

Key Points:

  • Heterogeneous catalysis offers efficient cellulose conversion pathways.
  • Ionic liquid hydrolysis presents a novel approach for biomass processing.
  • Hot-compressed water hydrolysis demonstrates potential for rapid and effective cellulose breakdown.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced cellulose conversion techniques like heterogeneous catalysis, ionic liquid hydrolysis, and hot-compressed water hydrolysis are powerful, fast, and efficient.
  • These methods are becoming central to intensive research in biomass conversion.
  • Further research into these techniques is vital for sustainable energy solutions.