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Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...

Antibody Structure

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Using Eggs from Schistosoma mansoni as an In vivo Model of Helminth-induced Lung Inflammation

Using Eggs from Schistosoma mansoni as an In vivo Model of Helminth-induced Lung Inflammation

Published on: June 5, 2012

Hen's Egg Allergy.

Atsuo Urisu¹, Y Kondo, I Tsuge

¹Department of Pediatrics, The Second Teaching Hospital, Fujita Health University, Nagoya, Japan.

Chemical Immunology and Allergy

|May 30, 2015

Summary

Egg allergy affects 1.8-2% of young children, involving IgE-mediated reactions to egg proteins like ovomucoid. Diagnosis relies on tests and challenges, with minimal elimination diet management, though oral immunotherapy shows promise.

Area of Science:

Immunology
Pediatrics
Allergology

Background:

Egg allergy is a common food allergy in young children, affecting 1.8-2% of those under five.
Reactions can be IgE-mediated, non-IgE-mediated, or mixed.

Observation:

Hen's egg contains numerous proteins, with ovomucoid (Gal d 1), ovalbumin (Gal d 2), conalbumin (Gal d 3), and lysozyme (Gal d 4) identified as major allergens.
Alpha-livetin (Gal d 5) in egg yolk is linked to bird-egg syndrome.

Findings:

Diagnosis involves clinical history, skin prick tests, in vitro IgE tests, and oral food challenges.
Specific IgE to ovomucoid and its epitopes aids in diagnosing heated egg allergy and predicting outcomes.
Current management focuses on allergen identification and minimal dietary elimination.

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Last Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Using Eggs from Schistosoma mansoni as an In vivo Model of Helminth-induced Lung Inflammation

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Published on: June 5, 2012

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis

Published on: May 31, 2021

Probing the Limits of Egg Recognition Using Egg Rejection Experiments Along Phenotypic Gradients

Probing the Limits of Egg Recognition Using Egg Rejection Experiments Along Phenotypic Gradients

Published on: August 22, 2018

Implications:

Accurate diagnosis and allergen identification are crucial for effective egg allergy management.
Oral immunotherapy presents a potential therapeutic strategy for inducing tolerance, but safety concerns require further investigation.