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Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
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Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
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Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis
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Initial immunological changes as predictors for house dust mite immunotherapy response.

E Gómez1, T D Fernández1, I Doña2

  • 1Research Laboratory-Allergy Unit, IBIMA-Regional University Hospital of Málaga, UMA, Malaga, Spain.

Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|June 3, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Specific immunotherapy for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (DP) allergy shifts immune responses. Responders show distinct immunological profiles and a Th2 to Th1/Treg shift, indicating successful treatment mechanisms.

Keywords:
Dermatophagoides pteronyssinusT cellsallergic rhinitisbasophilscytokinesimmunoglobulinsspecific immunotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Allergy Research
  • Immunotherapy Mechanisms

Background:

  • Specific immunotherapy (SI) is the sole etiological treatment for allergies, but its mechanisms remain unclear.
  • SI is known to modulate T-helper (Th) cell subsets, shifting from Th2 towards Th1/Treg phenotypes.
  • The immunological differences underlying patient responses to SI require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate immunological changes during a 1-year course of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (DP) SI.
  • To correlate these immunological shifts with clinical outcomes in patients undergoing SI.
  • To identify distinct immunological patterns differentiating responders from non-responders.

Main Methods:

  • 34 patients with DP allergy received 1 year of subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT).
  • Patients were categorized as responders or non-responders based on symptom improvement.
  • Peripheral blood analysis included flow cytometry for cell phenotypes and cytokine production, mRNA quantification for transcription factors, and serum immunoglobulin measurements.

Main Results:

  • 82% of patients demonstrated symptom improvement after 1 year of SCIT.
  • Responders exhibited increased serum IgG4 (sIgG4) levels, but no change in Basophil Activation Test (BAT) reactivity.
  • Immunological shifts in responders included increased T-BET/FOXP3, nDer p 1-specific Th1/Treg frequencies, and decreased Th2, Th9, and Th17 cells, correlating with cytokine level changes.

Conclusions:

  • Significant immunological differences exist between responders and non-responders to DP-SCIT.
  • Responders initially presented with lower Th1 and higher Th2, Th9, and Th17 cell frequencies.
  • One year of DP-SCIT induced increased sIgG4 production and a shift from Th2 towards Th1/Treg responses in responders.