Light or Heat? The Origin of Cargo Release from Nanoimpeller Particles Containing Upconversion Nanocrystals under IR...

Nanoimpellers are mesoporous silica nanoparticles that contain azobenzene derivatives bonded inside the pores and rely on the continuous photoisomerization of multiple azobenzenes to release cargo under near UV irradiation. A recent study employs upconversion nanocrystal embedded particles to replace UV light with IR light to stimulate nanoimpellers. However, the photothermal effect of IR irradiation and its likely contribution to the observed release behavior are not examined. It is found that, in the absence of upconversion nanocrystals, the azobenzene co-condensed silica particles still respond to 980 nm illumination, which increases the nanoparticle temperature by 25 °C in 15 min, experimentally measured by an encapsulated nanothermometer. After suppressing the heating, the IR irradiation does not initiate the release, indicating that optical heating, not upconverted light, is responsible for the triggered cargo release. The results are explained by numerical analyses.