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Rate-programmed drug delivery systems release drugs in a controlled manner to maintain therapeutic levels. Three main designs include reservoir, matrix, and hybrid systems.Reservoir systems consist of a drug core enclosed within a membrane that controls drug release. In non-swelling reservoir systems, polymers like ethyl cellulose or polymethacrylates are used. These do not hydrate in aqueous media and control release through membrane thickness, porosity, or insolubility. This type includes...
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Stimuli-activated drug delivery systems are designed to release drugs in response to specific physical, chemical, or biological stimuli. These systems often utilize hydrogels—three-dimensional, hydrophilic polymer networks capable of swelling in aqueous environments and retaining significant fluid volumes. Upon exposure to particular stimuli, these hydrogels undergo structural transitions that allow the embedded drug to be released. Due to this adaptive behavior, such systems are also...
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3D Printed Programmable Release Capsules.

Maneesh K Gupta, Fanben Meng, Blake N Johnson

  • 1∥Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States.

Nano Letters
|June 5, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed 3D printed capsules for controlled release of biomolecules. These stimuli-responsive capsules enable precise spatiotemporal control of gradients in hydrogels for tissue engineering and bionanotechnology applications.

Keywords:
3D printingbiomolecular gradientscore−shell particlesplasmonic nanorodsrelease capsulesspatiotemporal patterning

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Living organisms utilize precise biomolecular gradients for tissue development.
  • Current methods struggle to integrate gradients into 3D matrices.
  • Spatiotemporal control of gradients is crucial for advanced biological applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a 3D printing method for stimuli-responsive capsules enabling programmable release of multiplexed gradients.
  • To demonstrate precise spatiotemporal control over biomolecular release within hydrogel matrices.
  • To advance applications in synthetic tissue engineering, biotic-abiotic interfaces, and bionanotechnology.

Main Methods:

  • 3D printing of core/shell capsules with aqueous cores and poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) shells.
  • Incorporation of plasmonic gold nanorods (AuNRs) within the PLGA shell for laser-triggered rupture.
  • Formulation of aqueous core to maintain payload biomolecule activity.
  • Laser irradiation at specific wavelengths to selectively rupture capsules and release enzymes.

Main Results:

  • Fabrication of highly monodisperse, stimuli-responsive core/shell capsules.
  • Demonstrated precise spatial patterning of enzyme-loaded capsule arrays in 2D and 3D.
  • Achieved tunable, laser-triggered release of active enzymes into hydrogel matrices.
  • Showcased programmable reconfiguration of gradients and versatility in hierarchical architectures.

Conclusions:

  • 3D printing of programmable release capsules offers precise spatiotemporal control over biomolecular gradients.
  • This method provides a powerful tool for synthetic tissue engineering and bionanotechnology.
  • The technology enables on-demand, selective release of active biomolecules within complex 3D environments.