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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Nightmares and Night Terrors01:18

Nightmares and Night Terrors

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Nightmares and night terrors represent two distinct types of sleep disturbances that differ in timing, characteristics, and the sleeper's recall of the event. Nightmares are vivid, disturbing dreams that usually awaken the sleeper from REM sleep, a stage of sleep where brain activity is high, and dreams are most frequent. Upon awakening, individuals often have detailed recollections of their nightmares, which can include themes of threats to survival, security, or self-esteem.
Nightmares...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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The inner ear assumes dual functionalities of auditory perception and equilibrium maintenance. The vestibule is the organ responsible for balance. This organ contains mechanoreceptors, specifically hair cells, endowed with stereocilia, which aid in deciphering information regarding the position and motion of our heads. Two intrinsic components, the utricle and saccule, help perceive head position, while the semicircular canals track head movement. Neurological messages initiated in the...
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Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Same author

Migraine headache in children.

BMJ clinical evidence·2011
Same author

Migraine headache in children.

BMJ clinical evidence·2009
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 11, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
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Migraine headache in children.

Nick Peter Barnes1

  • 1Northampton General Hospital, Northampton, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence
|June 6, 2015
PubMed
Summary

This systematic review evaluates treatments for childhood migraine, finding that 5HT1 agonists, NSAIDs, and paracetamol can help acute attacks. Prophylactic options include beta-blockers and other medications.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

  • Childhood migraine diagnosis is challenging due to subjective symptoms and broader criteria than in adults.
  • Migraine prevalence in children ranges from 3% to 10%, increasing with age.
  • Migraine may remit post-puberty, but adolescent-onset migraines are more likely to persist.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the effects of treatments for acute migraine attacks in children.
  • To assess the efficacy and safety of pharmacological prophylaxis for migraine in pediatric populations.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a systematic literature review up to June 2014, searching major databases.
  • Included studies evaluating acute treatments and pharmacological prophylaxis for pediatric migraine.
  • Incorporated safety alerts from regulatory agencies like the FDA and MHRA.

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Main Results:

  • Twenty-three studies were included in the review.
  • A GRADE evaluation was performed to assess the quality of evidence for interventions.
  • Identified interventions for acute symptom relief and prophylaxis.

Conclusions:

  • For acute migraine relief in children, 5HT1 agonists (triptans), NSAIDs, and paracetamol are effective.
  • Pharmacological prophylaxis options for pediatric migraine include beta-blockers, flunarizine, pizotifen, and topiramate.