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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
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Nuclear Export01:42

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The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
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Ras-related nuclear protein or Ran is a small G protein that cycles between its GTP and GDP bound states. Ran specific regulators, a Ran GTPase Activating Protein or RanGAP present in the cytosol and a Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor or RanGEF present inside the nucleus regulate GTP/GDP exchange. A high concentration of GTP inside the cells, in addition to this asymmetric distribution of  Ran-specific regulators, leads to a higher RanGTP concentration inside the nucleus. This...
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Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

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Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
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Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Short-distance Transport of Resources02:12

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Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
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Refining the nuclear auxin response pathway through structural biology.

David A Korasick1, Joseph M Jez1, Lucia C Strader1

  • 1Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.

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Auxin, a crucial plant growth regulator, has a well-defined signaling pathway. Recent structural and biophysical studies reveal intricate molecular details, adding complexity to auxin

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Auxin is a vital plant hormone regulating growth and development.
  • Classical genetic and molecular studies established a canonical auxin response pathway.
  • Understanding auxin signaling is fundamental to plant science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To refine the existing auxin signal transduction model.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of auxin perception and response.
  • To explore the complexities of auxin signaling pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized classical molecular and genetic techniques.
  • Employed structural and biophysical studies.
  • Analyzed auxin perception, DNA recognition by transcription factors, and repressor interactions.

Main Results:

  • Identified key components of auxin-mediated gene expression.
  • Clarified molecular details of auxin perception.
  • Revealed interactions between auxin transcription factors and repressor proteins.

Conclusions:

  • The canonical auxin response pathway is refined by new molecular insights.
  • Structural and biophysical data reveal intricate details of auxin signaling.
  • Current research highlights the increasing complexity of auxin signal transduction.