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In mechanical engineering, a three-dimensional force system is a system of forces acting in three dimensions, with forces applied along the x, y, and z coordinate axes. The three-dimensional force system is an important concept in mechanical engineering, as it allows engineers to understand and analyze the behavior of objects and structures in three dimensions. By understanding the forces acting on a system, engineers can design more efficient and effective mechanical systems that can withstand...
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A two-dimensional system in mechanical engineering involves the analysis of motion and forces in a plane. A two-dimensional force vector can be resolved into its components as:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Measurement of Spatial Stability in Precision Grip
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Sensor Prototype to Evaluate the Contact Force in Measuring with Coordinate Measuring Arms.

Eduardo Cuesta1, Alejandro Telenti2, Hector Patiño3

  • 1Department of Manufacturing Engineering, University of Oviedo, Campus de Gijón, Asturias 33203, Spain. ecuesta@uniovi.es.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 10, 2015
PubMed
Summary

This study developed an integrated force sensor for portable Coordinate Measuring Arms (CMAs) using strain gauges and additive manufacturing. This innovation aims to improve probing techniques by minimizing errors and enhancing measurement accuracy.

Keywords:
CMA)contact force sensorcoordinate measuring arm (AACMMprobing control

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Area of Science:

  • Metrology and Measurement Science
  • Mechanical Engineering
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Portable Coordinate Measuring Arms (CMAs) are crucial for dimensional inspection.
  • Accurate force feedback during manual probing is essential for reliable measurements.
  • Existing CMA probes lack integrated force sensing capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design, develop, and evaluate an integrated force sensor prototype for portable CMAs.
  • To investigate the influence of probing strategies on probe deformation.
  • To provide a foundation for operator training programs to enhance probing techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Strain gauges were integrated onto the CMA hard probe surface.
  • A custom protective case and ergonomic handle were fabricated using Polyjet 3D printing.
  • Monitoring software was developed for real-time signal acquisition and analysis.
  • Calibration and validation tests were performed using various geometric features and probing methods.

Main Results:

  • The prototype successfully measured probing forces in real-time.
  • Different probing techniques (continuous vs. discontinuous contact) and feature types were analyzed.
  • Probing force was decomposed into components to understand their effect on probe deformation.
  • The study identified strategies to minimize extra-force peaks and avoid measurement errors.

Conclusions:

  • The integrated force sensor prototype demonstrates feasibility for enhancing CMA functionality.
  • Understanding probing forces is key to improving manual measurement accuracy.
  • This technology can lead to better operator training and reduced measurement uncertainty.