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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Packaging02:21

Chromatin Packaging

23.4K
Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
The chromatin
In combination with specialized DNA binding protein called Histones, the DNA double helix forms a compact DNA: protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin itself is further compacted into higher-order...
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Chromatin Packaging01:32

Chromatin Packaging

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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. This long DNA strand is packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10-20 microns in diameter with the help of specialized DNA-binding proteins called histones. Together they form a compact DNA-protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin is further compacted into higher-order structures. The highest level of compaction is achieved during...
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Chromatin Packaging02:21

Chromatin Packaging

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Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
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Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Author Spotlight: Efficient Nucleosome Reconstitution for Single-Molecule Techniques
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The chromatin fiber: multiscale problems and approaches.

Gungor Ozer1, Antoni Luque2, Tamar Schlick3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, 100 Washington Square East, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.

Current Opinion in Structural Biology
|June 10, 2015
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Summary

Recent advances in chromatin modeling offer new insights into eukaryotic cell regulation. Multiscale computational strategies are key to understanding chromatin

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Chromatin structure, influenced by DNA linker lengths and posttranslational modifications, is vital for eukaryotic gene regulation.
  • Experimental and computational methods have revealed insights into chromatin's structural and dynamical features, including histone tail interactions and chromosomal domain formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a perspective on recent advances in chromatin modeling techniques.
  • To highlight the development of multiscale computational strategies for integrating findings across different scales.

Main Methods:

  • Review of atomic, mesoscopic, and chromosomal scale chromatin modeling techniques.
  • Discussion of innovative modeling methods connecting molecular to chromosomal levels.

Main Results:

  • New insights into chromatin structure and dynamics from combined experimental and computational approaches.
  • Advancements in modeling flexible histone tails, linker histones, and chromosomal domain formation.

Conclusions:

  • Multiscale computational strategies are crucial for interpreting experimental data on chromatin.
  • Innovative modeling is essential for deciphering the complex dynamic organization and function of chromatin in cells.