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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People
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Exercise efficiency relates with mitochondrial content and function in older adults.

Nicholas T Broskey1, Andreas Boss2, Elie-Jacques Fares1

  • 1Department of Physiology, School of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Physiological Reports
|June 11, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Older athletes have better exercise efficiency due to higher mitochondrial content and function. This suggests mitochondria play a key role in improving energy conservation during exercise in older adults.

Keywords:
Chronic exercisedelta efficiencygross efficiencynet efficiency

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Chronic aerobic exercise enhances exercise efficiency, reducing energy cost for a given workload.
  • The specific role of skeletal muscle mitochondria in this adaptation, especially in older adults, remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between exercise efficiency and mitochondrial content/function in older adults.
  • To test the hypothesis that higher mitochondrial content and/or function correlate with greater exercise efficiencies.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study of 38 sedentary and athletic older adults (mean age 66.8 years).
  • Measured maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak), gross efficiency (GE), net efficiency (NE), and delta efficiency (DE).
  • Assessed mitochondrial function (ATPmax) via phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mitochondrial volume density (MitoVd) from muscle biopsies.

Main Results:

  • Athletic older adults exhibited significantly higher GE (17%), NE (14%), and DE (16%) compared to sedentary individuals.
  • Mitochondrial volume density (MitoVd) was 29% higher, and ATPmax was 24% higher in athletes.
  • All measured exercise efficiencies (GE, NE, DE) showed positive correlations with both ATPmax and MitoVd.

Conclusions:

  • Chronically trained older individuals possess enhanced mitochondrial content and function, correlating with improved exercise efficiency.
  • Mitochondria likely contribute to enhanced exercise efficiency and energy conservation in athletic older populations.