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Electrically evoked long loop responses (LLR): normative data for upper and lower extremities.

V Deletis, A Beric

    Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology
    |November 1, 1989
    PubMed
    Summary
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    This study demonstrates consistent long loop responses in healthy individuals, distinct from Bickford microreflexes. Establishing normative data is key to identifying reflex alterations in neurological disorders.

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Somatosensory system physiology

    Background:

    • Long loop reflexes are reproducible in neurologically healthy subjects.
    • These reflexes exhibit low variability in onset and peak latencies.
    • Distinctive features differentiate long loop responses from Bickford microreflexes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To establish normative data for long loop reflexes.
    • To identify characteristic reflex alterations in neurological pathologies.
    • To investigate the involvement of somatosensory, pyramidal, and extrapyramidal systems in these alterations.

    Main Methods:

    • Repeated elicitation of long loop responses in neurologically healthy subjects.
    • Analysis of onset and peak latencies.
    • Comparative analysis with Bickford microreflexes.

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    Main Results:

    • Consistent and repeatable long loop responses observed.
    • Low variability in response latencies confirmed.
    • Characteristic features distinguishing long loop responses from microreflexes identified.

    Conclusions:

    • Normative data for long loop reflexes can be reliably obtained.
    • This data is crucial for diagnosing neurological conditions affecting motor systems.
    • Further research can elucidate specific reflex changes in various pathologies.