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Entropy Change in Reversible Processes01:10

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In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Hidden entropy production by fast variables.

Hyun-Myung Chun1, Jae Dong Noh1,2

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Korea.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|June 13, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We studied Brownian particles in heat baths at different temperatures. A harmonic system unexpectedly produces more entropy than a rigid rod system due to hidden entropy production from fast variables.

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Area of Science:

  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Non-equilibrium Physics
  • Soft Matter Physics

Background:

  • Brownian motion describes particle movement in fluids.
  • Non-equilibrium systems are crucial for understanding heat flow and entropy production.
  • Langevin dynamics models random particle motion influenced by external forces and heat baths.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate non-equilibrium underdamped Langevin dynamics of interacting Brownian particles.
  • To compare entropy production in a harmonic system versus a rigid rod system.
  • To identify the source of excess entropy production in the harmonic system.

Main Methods:

  • Simulating Brownian particles interacting via a harmonic potential.
  • Subjecting particles to two heat baths at different temperatures.
  • Analyzing steady-state heat flow and entropy production.
  • Decomposing entropy production by degrees of freedom (center-of-mass and relative coordinates).

Main Results:

  • The harmonic system exhibits a net heat flow and steady-state entropy production.
  • In the infinite coupling limit (K→∞), the harmonic system produces more entropy than the rigid rod system.
  • The fast-relaxing relative coordinate contributes significantly to 'hidden' entropy production.
  • The coupling constant K influences the contribution of each degree of freedom to total entropy production.

Conclusions:

  • The harmonic system's increased entropy production is attributed to hidden entropy production by its fast variable (relative coordinate).
  • This finding challenges the intuitive expectation that the harmonic system should converge to the rigid rod system's behavior at infinite coupling.
  • Understanding the distinct contributions of slow and fast variables is key to analyzing non-equilibrium systems.