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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 10, 2026

Ultrasound Images of the Tongue: A Tutorial for Assessment and Remediation of Speech Sound Errors
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Articulatory imaging implicates prediction during spoken language comprehension.

Eleanor Drake1, Martin Corley2

  • 1Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.

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|June 13, 2015
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Summary

Predictions during speech comprehension influence speech production. Our study shows that the speech production system helps synthesize upcoming information at an articulatorily specified level.

Keywords:
Language comprehensionPsycholinguisticsSpeech production

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Speech Science
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Speech comprehension may involve speech production areas for synthesizing information.
  • The role of predictive processing in speech motor control is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how predictions generated during speech comprehension affect articulatory movements.
  • To determine if the speech production system is involved in representing these predictions.

Main Methods:

  • Using dynamic ultrasound imaging to record speech-motor movements.
  • Eliciting predictions with high-cloze sentence stems followed by picture naming.
  • Comparing articulatory realizations in match, mismatch, and control conditions.

Main Results:

  • Articulations in the mismatch condition showed greater differences from the control than in the match condition.
  • Increased frame-by-frame changes in articulator positions were observed in the mismatch condition (300-500 ms before picture name onset).

Conclusions:

  • Comprehension-elicited predictions significantly influence speech-motor production.
  • Findings suggest the speech production system plays a role in representing predictions made during language processing.