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Related Concept Videos

Supercritical Fluid Chromatography01:18

Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

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Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) provides a beneficial substitute for gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) for certain samples because it merges the top attributes of both techniques. SFC allows the separation and analysis of compounds that GC or LC does not easily manage. These compounds are traditionally nonvolatile or thermally unstable, making GC unsuitable and lacking functional groups required for HPLC analysis.
SFC utilizes a supercritical fluid mobile phase,...
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The Colloidal State01:29

The Colloidal State

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The formation of a colloidal system is exemplified by an aqueous solution containing Cl− ions is introduced to another containing Ag+ ions, resulting in the precipitation of solid AgCl as extremely tiny crystals. Instead of settling out as a filterable precipitate, these crystals remain suspended in the liquid, showcasing a colloidal system.A colloidal system involves colloidal particles within the approximate range of 1 to 1000 nm in at least one dimension, dispersed in a medium called...
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Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

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In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
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Colloids03:22

Colloids

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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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Micelles01:30

Micelles

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Micelle formation is an intricate process that hinges on the properties of amphiphilic or amphipathic molecules and the conditions of the system in which they are found. Amphiphilic molecules, which have both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) parts, play a critical role in this process.In aqueous environments, these molecules arrange themselves such that their hydrophilic heads are turned towards the water phase, while their hydrophobic tails are oriented away...
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Particle Formation and Product Formulation Using Supercritical Fluids.

Željko Knez1, Maša Knez Hrnčič, Mojca Škerget

  • 1Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; email: zeljko.knez@um.si , masa.knez@um.si , mojca.skerget@um.si.

Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
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PubMed
Summary

Supercritical fluid technology offers a sustainable alternative to traditional solids processing, avoiding hazardous solvents and high temperatures. This green approach enables novel particle formation and material design for diverse applications.

Keywords:
PGSS™antisolvent processesdense gasesmicronizationrapid expansionspray extraction

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science and Engineering
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Traditional solids processing relies on high temperatures or hazardous organic solvents, posing environmental and health risks.
  • There is a critical need for sustainable and environmentally benign processing methods.
  • Supercritical fluids present a promising alternative due to their tunable properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of sub- and supercritical fluid applications in particle formation.
  • To highlight recent advances and trends in green processing media for solids.
  • To explore the potential of supercritical fluids for creating materials with unique characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the unique thermodynamic and fluid-dynamic properties of dense gases (supercritical fluids).
  • Investigating particle formation processes, including powder and composite generation.
  • Exploring applications such as impregnation, emulsion formation, and particle coating.

Main Results:

  • Supercritical fluids enable the production of powders and composites with specialized properties.
  • These green processing media facilitate controlled particle design and material fabrication.
  • Applications span various fields requiring materials with unique functionalities.

Conclusions:

  • Sub- and supercritical fluids are effective green processing media for particle formation.
  • This technology offers a sustainable alternative to conventional methods.
  • Continued research promises further advancements in material design and applications.