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Related Concept Videos

Capillary Electrophoresis: Applications01:30

Capillary Electrophoresis: Applications

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Capillary electrophoretic separations offer various modes, each with unique applications. These modes include capillary zone electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary array electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing, capillary isotachophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary electrochromatography.
Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) separates ionic components based on their electrophoretic mobility. It has been used to separate proteins, amino acids,...
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Sample Preparation for Analysis: Overview01:21

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Overview

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Sample preparation is an essential step in the analytical process. It involves preparing a sample so that it can be analyzed accurately. The goal is to extract the analyte, the substance you want to measure, from the sample while removing any components that may interfere with the analysis. Sample preparation techniques vary depending on the physical state of the sample.
Bulk or large solid samples are typically reduced in size using grinding, crushing, or milling techniques to increase the...
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Size-Exclusion Chromatography01:08

Size-Exclusion Chromatography

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In size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), also known as molecular-exclusion or gel-permeation chromatography, molecules are separated based on their sizes. This technique is important for separating large molecules such as polymers and biomolecules. The two classes of micron-sized stationary phases encountered in SEC are silica particles and cross-linked polymer resin beads. Both materials are porous, but their pore sizes vary significantly.
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Types of Detectors01:15

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The role of the detectors in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is to analyze the solutes as they exit from the chromatographic column. The detector recognizes the solute's property and generates corresponding electrical signals, which are converted into a readable graph of the detector's response versus elution time called a chromatogram at the computer. There are several types of HPLC detectors, each with its own advantages and limitations, depending on the analyte...
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Ion-Exchange Chromatography

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Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...
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Fabrication of a Dipole-assisted Solid Phase Extraction Microchip for Trace Metal Analysis in Water Samples
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Membrane-based microextraction techniques in analytical chemistry: A review.

Eduardo Carasek1, Josias Merib1

  • 1Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil.

Analytica Chimica Acta
|June 21, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Membrane-based microextraction techniques offer stable and effective sample preparation for complex samples. This review covers classical and alternative methods for analyte determination in diverse matrices.

Keywords:
Hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextractionHollow-fiber renewal liquid membraneMembrane-based techniquesSample preparationSolid-phase microextraction

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Separation Science

Background:

  • Miniaturized sample preparation procedures have increased interest in membrane-based techniques since the 1990s.
  • Membranes enhance the stability of microextraction, enabling analysis in complex and "dirty" samples.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review classical and alternative membrane-based microextraction techniques.
  • To highlight critical aspects of each method for analyte determination.

Main Methods:

  • Review of membrane-protected solid-phase microextraction.
  • Review of hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction.
  • Review of hollow-fiber renewal liquid membrane extraction.
  • Review of alternative techniques: thin film and electromembrane extraction.

Main Results:

  • Membrane techniques are successfully applied for determining various analytes in diverse matrices.
  • Critical points and characteristics of each technique are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Membrane-based microextraction is a versatile and robust approach for sample preparation.
  • The review provides insights into the application and limitations of different membrane extraction methods.