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Updated: Apr 8, 2026

Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Sentence Comprehension in Mandarin-Speaking Children with Autism
Published on: October 3, 2018
Female Autism Phenotypes Investigated at Different Levels of Language and Developmental Abilities
Yamini J Howe1,2, Julia A O'Rourke2,3, Yvette Yatchmink1
1Division of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Hasbro Children's/Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
Abstract:
This study investigated the differences in clinical symptoms between females and males with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) across three verbal ability groups (nonverbal, phrase and fluent speech), based on which Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule module was administered to 5723 individuals in four research datasets. In the Simons Simplex Collection and Autism Treatment Network, females with ASD and phrase or fluent speech had lower cognitive, adaptive, and social abilities than males. In the Autism Genetics Resource Exchange and the Autism Consortium, females with phrase or fluent speech had similar or better adaptive and social abilities than males. Females who were nonverbal had similar cognitive, adaptive, and social abilities as males. Population-based longitudinal studies of verbally fluent females with ASD are needed.
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