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Related Concept Videos

Electron Configurations02:46

Electron Configurations

28.5K
Electron configurations and orbital diagrams can be determined by applying the Aufbau principle (each added electron occupies the subshell of lowest energy available), Pauli exclusion principle (no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers), and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity (whenever possible, electrons retain unpaired spins in degenerate orbitals).
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

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The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Molecular Orbital Theory II03:51

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Molecular Orbital Energy Diagrams
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Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

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Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 8, 2026

Growth and Electrostatic/chemical Properties of Metal/LaAlO3/SrTiO3 Heterostructures
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Growth and Electrostatic/chemical Properties of Metal/LaAlO3/SrTiO3 Heterostructures

Published on: February 8, 2018

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Electron confinement at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface.

S Gariglio1, A Fête, J-M Triscone

  • 1DQMP, Université de Genève, 24 Quai E.-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|June 24, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polar discontinuities at oxide interfaces, like LaAlO3/SrTiO3, create a tunable electron liquid with superconductivity. Research reviews experimental findings and theoretical models for its charge distribution and band structure, considering interface disorder.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Polar discontinuities in oxide heterostructures can induce emergent electronic phenomena.
  • The LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface hosts a two-dimensional electron liquid (2DEL) with unique properties like superconductivity and spin-orbit interaction.
  • Understanding the carrier density profile and band structure of this 2DEL is crucial for its technological applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review experimental findings on the origin and spatial extent of the 2DEL at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface.
  • To discuss theoretical models explaining the charge distribution and band structure.
  • To introduce a model for interface disorder effects on carrier distribution.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing experimental data on LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interfaces.
  • Analysis of theoretical models for charge and band structure.
  • Development of a model incorporating interface disorder.

Main Results:

  • The 2DEL properties are strongly linked to carrier density profile and band structure, which remain debated.
  • Experimental evidence for the 2DEL's origin and extension is synthesized.
  • Theoretical frameworks for understanding the 2DEL are presented and discussed.
  • A model accounting for disorder-induced modifications to carrier distribution is proposed.

Conclusions:

  • The LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface is a key system for studying emergent electronic phenomena in oxides.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the charge distribution and band structure, especially considering interface disorder.
  • The presented review and model provide a foundation for future investigations into oxide heterostructures.