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Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

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In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
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Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a sample using a flame as the source of excitation energy. The concept of flame photometry was realized in the early 1860s by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, who discovered that specific elements emit characteristic radiation when excited in flames. The first instrument developed for this purpose was used to measure sodium (Na) in plant ash using a Bunsen...

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Updated: Apr 8, 2026

Pyrosequencing for Microbial Identification and Characterization

Pyrosequencing for Microbial Identification and Characterization

Published on: August 22, 2013

PyroMark® Instruments, Chemistry, and Software for Pyrosequencing® Analysis.

Martin Kreutz¹, Gerald Schock, Julia Kaiser

¹QIAGEN GmbH, Qiagen Straße 1, Hilden, 40724, Germany.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|June 25, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Pyrosequencing technology advancements enhance DNA methylation analysis, genetic marker identification, and pathogen drug resistance studies. Recent improvements offer longer read lengths and greater precision for diverse applications.

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology and Genetics
Epigenetics
Forensic Science
Microbiology

Background:

Pyrosequencing technology has been utilized since the early 2000s for various applications.
Previous applications include epigenetic DNA methylation, genetic markers, drug resistance, and mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms.

Purpose of the Study:

To detail recent advancements in Pyrosequencing technology.
To highlight improvements in instrument platforms, software, and chemistry.
To showcase streamlined assay development and future system capabilities.

Main Methods:

Modification of Pyrosequencing instruments, software, and chemistry for enhanced performance.
Implementation of optimized Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Pyrosequencing reagents.
Development of automated assay design tools and predesigned assays.

Main Results:

Achieved increased read length and improved precision in Pyrosequencing results.
Enabled adaptation for diverse sample throughputs and amounts.
Streamlined assay development processes.

Conclusions:

Recent technological modifications have significantly enhanced Pyrosequencing capabilities.
Future instruments promise smaller footprints and automation for standardized, flexible analysis.
Pyrosequencing remains a versatile tool for genetic and epigenetic research.