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Related Concept Videos

Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

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Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

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Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of...
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Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

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Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
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cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways01:25

cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways

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Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
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Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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Bacterial Signaling01:30

Bacterial Signaling

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Bacterial signaling can occur within bacteria (intracellular) or between bacteria (intercellular). At times, a group of bacteria behaves like a community. To achieve this, they engage in quorum sensing, the perception of higher cell density that causes changes in gene expression. Quorum sensing involves both extracellular and intracellular signaling. The signaling cascade starts with a molecule called an autoinducer (AI). Individual bacteria produce AIs that move out of the bacterial cell...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 8, 2026

Establishment of a High-throughput Setup for Screening Small Molecules That Modulate c-di-GMP Signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Cyclic AMP Signaling in Mycobacteria.

Gwendowlyn S Knapp1, Kathleen A McDonough1

  • 1Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Avenue, PO Box 22002, Albany, NY 12222.

Microbiology Spectrum
|June 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a vital signaling molecule in mycobacteria, produced by adenylyl cyclases (ACs). Understanding cAMP production, destruction, and utilization is crucial for combating Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cells utilize cyclic AMP (cAMP) as a second messenger for environmental sensing and adaptation.
  • Mycobacteria possess a diverse array of adenylyl cyclases (ACs) responsible for cAMP synthesis.
  • cAMP plays a significant role in mycobacterial gene regulation and pathogenesis, particularly during host infection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the multifaceted roles of cAMP in mycobacteria.
  • To review the known factors influencing cAMP production, degradation, and usage.
  • To emphasize the importance of cAMP signaling in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria and during host infection.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on cAMP in mycobacteria.

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  • Analysis of biochemical pathways involved in cAMP metabolism.
  • Examination of cAMP's role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis.

    • Main Results:

    • Mycobacteria employ numerous distinct adenylyl cyclases (ACs) for cAMP production.
    • Secreted cAMP by Mycobacterium tuberculosis impacts host macrophage interactions and contributes to pathogenesis.
    • cAMP influences gene expression and cellular adaptation in mycobacteria.

    Conclusions:

    • cAMP is a critical signaling molecule with diverse functions in mycobacteria.
    • Further research into cAMP pathways is essential for understanding and targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
    • The regulation of cAMP is key to mycobacterial survival and virulence.