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Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

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Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
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Decision Making: P-value Method01:09

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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
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Framing Effects03:26

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Relative Risk01:12

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Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance01:14

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Avoidance-avoidance conflict refers to a psychological situation where a person must choose between two or more unpleasant alternatives. These conflicts are particularly stressful because neither option is desirable. This dilemma is often expressed in sayings like "caught between a rock and a hard place" or "between the devil and the deep blue sea." For instance, individuals who fear dental procedures may find themselves torn between enduring a painful toothache or facing the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 8, 2026

Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm
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Threat affects risk preferences in movement decision making.

Megan K O'Brien1, Alaa A Ahmed1

  • 1Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA.

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
|June 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Postural threat influences risk preferences, particularly in whole-body tasks, leading to increased risk aversion due to fear of falling. This implicit threat modifies risk attitudes within motor activities.

Keywords:
neuroeconomicspostural threatprospect theoryrisk-sensitivitysensorimotor control

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • Emotional states significantly impact decision-making.
  • Postural threat, the perceived risk of falling, is a potent emotional state.
  • Understanding how threat influences risk preferences in motor tasks is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if postural threat alters risk preferences.
  • To determine if this influence generalizes across different motor tasks (arm-reaching vs. whole-body leaning).
  • To examine the relationship between physiological arousal, movement variability, and risk-sensitivity under threat.

Main Methods:

  • Healthy young adults performed choice tasks involving lotteries with varying monetary rewards and target sizes.
  • Tasks were conducted at ground level and atop an elevated platform to induce postural threat.
  • Risk-sensitivity was quantified by analyzing choices between risky and safe lotteries, modeled using cumulative prospect theory (CPT).

Main Results:

  • Increased postural threat correlated with decreased movement variability and increased physiological arousal.
  • Overweighting of small probabilities rose with postural threat in whole-body tasks, indicating heightened risk aversion.
  • Risk-seeking behavior was observed in whole-body movements compared to arm-reaching at low elevation, potentially due to inaccurate motor variability estimation.

Conclusions:

  • Implicit threat can modify risk attitudes within motor domains.
  • Postural threat may induce risk aversion in salient movement tasks, especially those involving balance.
  • Findings highlight the interplay between emotion, cognition, and motor control in decision-making under threat.