Catch-Up Growth and Metabolic and Cognitive Outcomes in Adolescents Born Preterm

Area of Science:

• Neonatology
• Developmental Pediatrics
• Public Health

Background:

• The global incidence of premature birth is rising, with improved survival rates for very preterm infants.
• Increased survival necessitates a focus on long-term health outcomes and the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD).
• Early life growth and nutrition are critical for preventing chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and type 2 diabetes.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the long-term metabolic and cognitive outcomes associated with preterm birth.
• To examine the influence of early life growth patterns on later health.
• To assess the relative impact of early life factors versus later lifestyle on chronic disease development.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies investigating preterm birth and long-term outcomes.
• Analysis of data linking in utero growth and postnatal catch-up growth to cognitive and metabolic health.
• Synthesis of evidence on the role of childhood and adolescent lifestyle factors.

Main Results:

• Preterm birth is associated with diverse metabolic alterations and an increased risk of chronic diseases in adulthood.
• Evidence suggests a link between poor in utero growth and adverse cognitive outcomes.
• Rapid postnatal growth may be associated with adverse metabolic outcomes, though findings are inconsistent.
• Childhood and adolescent lifestyle factors appear to have a substantial impact on metabolic disease risk, potentially exceeding early life influences.

Conclusions:

• Preterm birth has lasting implications for metabolic health and cognitive development.
• The interplay between early growth, nutrition, and later lifestyle is complex and influences chronic disease trajectories.
• Further research is needed to clarify optimal growth trajectories and interventions for preterm infants to mitigate long-term health risks.