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Updated: Apr 8, 2026

Cone Beam Intraoperative Computed Tomography-based Image Guidance for Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Interbody Fusion
Published on: August 6, 2019
Vijay R Ramakrishnan1, Todd T Kingdom1
1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado, 12631 East 17th Avenue, B205, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
Image-guided surgery (IGS) in endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) offers benefits in specific cases. However, current data does not clearly show reduced complications or support its routine use for medicolegal protection.
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