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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

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In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
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Preventive Healthcare Services01:30

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Preventive healthcare services keep people healthy via frequent check-ups, screening, and counseling. They primarily aid in disease prevention rather than treating an acute or chronic illness. Preventive treatment also keeps individuals productive and energetic, allowing them to work well into their retirement years. Examples of preventive care services include:
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Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes01:28

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Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that play a pivotal role in Phase I drug metabolism by catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions.These enzymes transform lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic metabolites, facilitating subsequent Phase II conjugation and eventual excretion. The CYP450 family is classified into families (e.g., CYP1–CYP3) and subfamilies (e.g., CYP2A, CYP2C), based on amino acid sequence homology.CYP450...
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Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
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Genetic Screens02:46

Genetic Screens

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Genetic screens are tools used to identify genes and mutations responsible for phenotypes of interest. Genetic screens help identify individuals or a group of people at risk of developing  genetic diseases and help them with early intervention, targeted therapy, and reproductive options.
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Advancements and Challenges in Hepatitis B Virus Detection
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Antenatal screening for hepatitis C: Universal or risk factor based?

Erin Wilson1,2, Michael Beckmann1,2,3

  • 1Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
|July 1, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Universal antenatal screening for hepatitis C (HCV) identifies most cases, but risk factor-based screening may miss a small percentage of infected pregnant women. The study highlights the need to balance universal screening benefits against cost savings of risk-based approaches.

Keywords:
Hepatitis Cmass screeningpregnancyprenatal diagnosisrisk factors

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Consensus is lacking on universal versus risk-based antenatal screening for hepatitis C (HCV).
  • Evaluating screening strategies is crucial for maternal and infant health outcomes.
  • Tertiary metropolitan hospitals serve diverse populations requiring tailored screening protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of HCV and associated risk factors among women delivering at a tertiary hospital.
  • To inform decisions regarding the transition from universal to risk factor-based HCV screening.
  • To analyze the implications of different antenatal screening strategies for hepatitis C.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective audit of 57,659 deliveries between 2007 and 2013.
  • Comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics between HCV-positive and HCV-negative women.
  • Analysis of risk factors for HCV infection in pregnant women.

Main Results:

  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) positivity was 0.5% (281/57,659).
  • HCV-positive women were significantly more likely to have a history of blood product transfusion or illicit drug use.
  • Over 90% of HCV-positive women had identifiable risk factors, but 2.5% had none documented.

Conclusions:

  • Most antenatal HCV cases are linked to identifiable risk factors.
  • A risk factor-based screening approach may miss a small proportion of HCV-positive pregnancies.
  • The cost-effectiveness of universal versus risk factor-based screening requires careful consideration.