Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Bias01:22

Bias

8.0K
Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...
8.0K
Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

8.6K
The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
8.6K
Motivational Bias01:25

Motivational Bias

481
Cognitive bias results from limitations in thinking and information processing, leading to systematic errors in judgment. Conversely, motivational bias stems from personal desires or emotions, causing distortions in perception to align with self-interest. Motivational bias influences how individuals perceive and attribute causes to events, often shaped by personal needs, goals, and self-esteem preservation. This bias can distort judgment, leading to inaccurate assessments of success, failure,...
481
False Memories01:18

False Memories

656
False memories represent a cognitive distortion in which individuals recall events that did not happen, or remember them in an altered form. This phenomenon highlights the brain's constructive nature in processing and recalling memories, emphasizing that memory is not a perfect representation of past events but rather a dynamic reconstruction influenced by various factors.
One primary source of false memories is misattribution, where individuals incorrectly associate external information...
656
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

4.5K
Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
4.5K
Blind Procedures02:07

Blind Procedures

13.9K
Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which...
13.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Does Overconfidence Really Confer Adaptive Benefits to Children's Learning?

Psychological science·2026
Same author

Nothing to see here: The weak evidence base for unconscious control of human behavior.

The Behavioral and brain sciences·2026
Same author

A unified framework for psychometrics in experimental psychology: The standardized generalized hierarchical factor model.

Psychological methods·2026
Same author

Hold it there! Dynamic adjustment of fixation duration in visual search tasks.

Journal of vision·2026
Same author

Investigating the analytical robustness of the social and behavioural sciences.

Nature·2026
Same author

Replicating the unconscious working memory effect: a multisite Registered Report.

Neuroscience of consciousness·2026
Same journal

Mind wandering during first- and foreign-language reading.

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2026
Same journal

Lexical word processing is unaffected by rapid invisible frequency tagging in reading: Evidence from eye movements.

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2026
Same journal

Anxiety modulates voluntary attentional orienting to emotional gaze cues: Eye movements for pro- and anti-saccades.

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2026
Same journal

Faster key-press responses to front vowels than back vowels when matching heard vowels with represented vowels.

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2026
Same journal

Testing the interleaving effect without response bias: A forced-choice reevaluation of Kornell and Bjork (2008).

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2026
Same journal

The impact of social interaction on abstract concepts.

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 8, 2026

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory
07:26

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

Published on: January 31, 2017

40.7K

Underpowered samples, false negatives, and unconscious learning.

Miguel A Vadillo1, Emmanouil Konstantinidis2, David R Shanks3

  • 1Primary Care and Public Health Sciences, King's College London, Capital House, 42 Weston St., London, SE1 3QD, UK. miguel.vadillo@kcl.ac.uk.

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
|July 1, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

False negatives in psychological research are a significant issue, especially in studies of unconscious processes. This review shows underpowered studies often fail to detect true effects, suggesting conscious awareness in implicit learning tasks.

Keywords:
Contextual cuingFalse negativesImplicit learningNull hypothesis Significance testing· Statistical power

More Related Videos

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
08:53

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Published on: November 14, 2018

10.4K
Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
08:05

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

8.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 8, 2026

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory
07:26

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

Published on: January 31, 2017

40.7K
Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
08:53

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Published on: November 14, 2018

10.4K
Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
08:05

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Published on: June 30, 2020

8.2K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Research Methodology

Background:

  • Growing concern exists regarding unreliable results in psychological literature, with a focus on false positives.
  • The impact of false negatives, particularly in demonstrating the absence of an effect in areas like unconscious processing, has been overlooked.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of underpowered studies in producing false negatives within implicit learning research.
  • To examine the reliability of awareness tests in implicit process research, specifically contextual cuing.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 73 studies on contextual cuing.
  • Analysis of 181 statistical tests from awareness measures within these studies.
  • Meta-analysis of effect sizes for awareness tests in sufficient studies.

Main Results:

  • Underpowered studies frequently lead to the failure to reject a false null hypothesis.
  • Meta-analysis revealed a significant effect size (dz = 0.31) for awareness across studies, indicating conscious learning.
  • Insensitive and underpowered awareness tests are common, failing to detect true small-to-medium effects.

Conclusions:

  • The high rate of positive results in implicit learning literature may stem from methodological insensitivity rather than publication bias.
  • Findings challenge the extent of unconscious cognition often claimed in psychological research.
  • Methodological improvements are needed to accurately assess awareness in implicit process studies.