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Updated: Apr 8, 2026
Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring
Published on: December 14, 2020
Proton pump inhibitors and hypomagnesemia in the general population: a population-based cohort study
Brenda C T Kieboom1, Jessica C Kiefte-de Jong2, Mark Eijgelsheim3
1Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Inspectorate of Health Care, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Background:
Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use has been associated with hypomagnesemia in case reports and hospital-based cohort studies. Our objective was to determine whether PPI use is associated with hypomagnesemia in the general population and whether this is also found in histamine 2 receptor antagonist (H2RA) users.
Study Design:
Prospective cohort study.
Setting & Participants:
9,818 individuals from the general population (Rotterdam Study).
Predictor:
PPI use and H2RA use compared to no use.
Outcomes & Measurements:
Serum magnesium and hypomagnesemia (serum magnesium ≤ 1.44 mEq/L). Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, kidney function, comorbid conditions, and alcohol and diuretic use.
Results:
Serum magnesium level was 0.022 mEq/L lower in PPI users (n=724; 95% CI, -0.032 to -0.014 mEq/L) versus those with no use. PPI use was associated with increased risk of hypomagnesemia (n=36; OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.36-2.93) compared to no use. Effect modification was found between the use of PPIs and loop diuretics; in participants using loop diuretics (n=270), PPI use was associated with a further increased risk of hypomagnesemia (n=5; OR, 7.22; 95% CI, 1.69-30.83) compared to no use. The increased risk with PPIs was only seen after prolonged use (range, 182-2,618 days; OR, 2.99; 95% CI, 1.73-5.15). Including dietary magnesium intake into the model did not alter results (available for 2,504 participants, including 231 PPI users). H2RA users (n=250) also had a lower serum magnesium level (-0.016 [95% CI, -0.032 to -0.002] mEq/L) and increased risk of hypomagnesemia (n=12; OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.08-3.72) compared to those with no use, but no interaction with loop diuretics.
Limitations:
Cross-sectional analysis with single serum magnesium measurement.
Conclusions:
PPI use is associated with hypomagnesemia in the general population. Prolonged PPI use and concomitant loop diuretic use are associated with a stronger risk increase. Similar but weaker associations were found in H2RA users, except for interaction with loop diuretics.