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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 8, 2026

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The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism moderates the relationship between cognitive reserve and executive function.

D D Ward1, M J Summers2, N L Saunders3

  • 11] School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia [2] Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.

Translational Psychiatry
|July 1, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) influences cognitive reserve (CR) in older adults. BDNF Val66Met genetic variations affect how CR impacts executive function, highlighting BDNF's role in building cognitive resilience.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Cognitive reserve (CR) explains variations between brain pathology and cognitive function.
  • Understanding factors influencing CR is crucial for healthy aging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of apolipoprotein E (APOE) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene variations on the association between CR and cognitive function in healthy older adults.
  • To determine the role of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism in moderating the relationship between CR contributors and executive function.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 433 healthy older adults from the Tasmanian Healthy Brain Project.
  • Examination of common polymorphic variations in APOE and BDNF genes.
  • Statistical modeling to assess the interaction between CR, genetic factors, and cognitive performance, specifically executive function.

Main Results:

  • The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism significantly moderated the association between CR and executive function.
  • CR explained 8.5% of executive function variance in BDNF Val homozygotes, but was not a significant predictor in BDNF Met carriers.
  • No significant link was found between APOE polymorphisms and the influence of CR on cognitive function.

Conclusions:

  • BDNF plays a critical role in the capacity for building or accessing cognitive reserve.
  • The BDNF Val66Met genotype influences the effectiveness of cognitive reserve in maintaining executive function in aging individuals.
  • Genetic variations, particularly in BDNF, are important considerations in understanding individual differences in cognitive resilience.