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Related Concept Videos

Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

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Meiosis I01:49

Meiosis I

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Meiosis is a carefully orchestrated set of cell divisions, the goal of which—in humans—is to produce haploid sperm or eggs, each containing half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells elsewhere in the body. Meiosis I is the first such division, and involves several key steps, among them: condensation of replicated chromosomes in diploid cells; the pairing of homologous chromosomes and their exchange of information; and finally, the separation of homologous chromosomes by...
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Meiosis I03:09

Meiosis I

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Meiosis is the division of a diploid cell into haploid cells forming sperm and eggs in animals through differentiation. Meiosis I is the first stage of meiosis, where the genetic recombination of homologous chromosomes and the reduction of the ploidy level by half occurs.
Prophase I is the most extended and complex step of meiosis I characterized by synapsis, chromosome pairing, and recombination of the homologous chromosomes. This process is facilitated by a proteinaceous structure called the...
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Meiosis I03:09

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Semiconductor Sequencing for Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy
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Aneuploidy.

Bernardo Orr1, Kristina M Godek1, Duane Compton1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.

Current Biology : CB
|July 1, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Haploid and diploid describe single (n) and double (2n) chromosome sets, respectively. Euploidy encompasses these and polyploid states (3n+), found across diverse organisms like fungi, mammals, and plants.

Area of Science:

  • Cytogenetics
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The terms 'haploid' (n) and 'diploid' (2n) define chromosome set numbers in cells.
  • These terms, coined by Eduard Strasburger, derive from Greek words for 'single' and 'double'.
  • Ploidy describes the total chromosome content, with euploidy referring to exact multiples of the haploid number.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define and differentiate key ploidy terms.
  • To explain the concept of euploidy and its relation to haploid and diploid states.
  • To illustrate the diversity of ploidy across different life forms.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of cytogenetic terminology.
  • Etymological derivation of ploidy-related terms.
  • Comparative review of ploidy states in various organisms.

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Main Results:

  • Haploid (n) and diploid (2n) represent normal euploid states.
  • Polyploid states (triploid, tetraploid, etc.) involve more than two chromosome sets.
  • Organisms exhibit diverse natural ploidy: fungi (haploid), mammals (diploid), plants (polyploid).

Conclusions:

  • Understanding ploidy is fundamental to cell biology and genetics.
  • Euploidy, including haploid, diploid, and polyploid states, is a key characteristic of life.
  • The terminology provides a framework for classifying chromosome complements across species.