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Related Concept Videos

Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
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Veins of Head and Neck01:19

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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
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Muscles that Move the Head01:19

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Skin Cancer01:30

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Updated: Apr 7, 2026

Therapy Testing in a Spheroid-based 3D Cell Culture Model for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Head and Neck Cancers, Version 1.2015.

David G Pfister1, Sharon Spencer1, David M Brizel1

  • 1From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center; Duke Cancer Institute; Yale Cancer Center/Smilow Cancer Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Moffitt Cancer Center; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; Stanford Cancer Institute; The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute; Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center; Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah; University of Colorado Cancer Center; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University; Fox Chase Cancer Center; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center; and National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN
|July 8, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent NCCN updates for Head and Neck (H&N) cancers discuss particle therapy, like protons and carbon ions, as alternatives to traditional radiation therapy (RT). Neutron therapy is no longer recommended for salivary gland cancers due to limited availability and toxicity concerns.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Head and Neck (H&N) cancers require advanced treatment strategies.
  • Traditional radiation therapy (RT) using photons can cause significant long-term side effects.
  • Particle therapy offers potential advantages in reducing RT toxicity and improving treatment outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent updates to the 2015 NCCN Guidelines for H&N Cancers.
  • To describe particle therapy options, including protons and carbon ions, for H&N cancer treatment.
  • To explain the rationale for removing neutron therapy recommendations for salivary gland cancers.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the 2015 NCCN Guidelines for Head and Neck Cancers.
  • Analysis of current research on particle therapy (protons, carbon ions) versus traditional RT.
  • Evaluation of factors influencing treatment recommendations, including availability, patient numbers, and toxicity.

Main Results:

  • The NCCN H&N Cancers Panel updated guidelines for particle therapy use.
  • Proton and carbon ion therapy are being researched for improved therapeutic index in H&N cancers.
  • Neutron therapy recommendations were removed for salivary gland cancers in the 2015 update.

Conclusions:

  • Particle therapy represents an evolving area in H&N cancer treatment.
  • Ongoing research aims to minimize long-term side effects of RT for H&N cancers.
  • The decision to remove neutron therapy reflects concerns about its clinical utility and safety profile.