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Related Concept Videos

Sanger Sequencing01:57

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DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...
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In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
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DNA probes are fragments of DNA labeled with a reporter tag to enable their detection or purification. The resulting labeled DNA probes can then hybridize to target nucleic acid sequences through complementary base-pairing, and may be used to recover or identify these regions.
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RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
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The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 7, 2026

Nanopore DNA Sequencing for Metagenomic Soil Analysis
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Label-free DNA sequencing using Millikan detection.

Roger Dettloff1, Danielle Leiske1, Andrea Chow2

  • 1Caerus Molecular Diagnostics, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.

Analytical Biochemistry
|July 8, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel, label-free DNA sequencing method. This technique measures bead velocity changes during nucleotide incorporation, enabling low-cost, high-throughput DNA analysis for medical applications.

Keywords:
DNA sequencingTethered beads

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Genomics
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • DNA sequencing is crucial for medical diagnostics and research.
  • Existing sequencing methods can be costly and complex.
  • A need exists for simpler, more accessible sequencing technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a label-free DNA sequencing method using principles from the Millikan oil drop experiment.
  • To enable high-throughput and low-cost DNA sequencing.

Main Methods:

  • A sequencing-by-synthesis approach was employed.
  • Bead charge increases due to nucleotide incorporation were detected.
  • The balance between electrical force, hydrodynamic drag, and tether forces determined bead velocity.
  • Dark-field microscopy measured bead velocity in an oscillating electric field within a microfluidic channel.

Main Results:

  • The method reliably detected small (approx. 1%) increases in bead velocity during DNA polymerization.
  • The bead velocity was directly correlated with the number of incorporated nucleotides.
  • Short DNA templates were successfully sequenced using this approach.

Conclusions:

  • This novel method offers a label-free, sensitive approach to DNA sequencing.
  • The technique has the potential to become a low-cost, high-throughput sequencing platform.
  • Routine sequencing in medical applications could be facilitated by this technology.