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Related Concept Videos

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Generation of Straight or Branched Actin Filaments01:14

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The straight or branched structure formation of actin filaments is controlled by nucleating proteins such as the formins and Arp2/3 complex. Formin-mediated assembly results in straight filaments, whereas Arp2/3 protein complex-mediated assembly results in branched actin filaments.
Arp2/3 Complex
Arp2/3 complex is a seven-subunit complex consisting of two proteins similar to actin- Arp2 and Arp3, and five other subunits that help keep Arp2 and Arp3 inactive. When required, the complex is...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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Scattering Function for Branched Wormlike Chains.

Karsten Vogtt1, Gregory Beaucage1, Michael Weaver

  • 1†CEAS-Biomedical, Chemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|July 8, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new hybrid scattering function analyzes complex wormlike structures. This versatile tool aids in characterizing hierarchical assemblies, improving structural analysis of natural and technical materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physics
  • Chemistry

Background:

  • Wormlike or threadlike structures with local cylindrical geometry are common in nature and technology.
  • Characterizing the bulk structure of these ensembles, especially their large-scale organization and branching, is challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel hybrid scattering function for analyzing the structure of wormlike/threadlike systems.
  • To provide a versatile tool for studying hierarchical structures composed of uniform subunits.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a hybrid function combining Guinier and power-law terms for large-scale structure.
  • Incorporated a rigid-body modeling form factor for local cylindrical geometry.
  • Applied the function to analyze scattering intensities (X-rays, neutrons, light) in the small-angle regime.

Main Results:

  • The proposed hybrid function effectively models scattering intensities for cylindrical structures.
  • Demonstrated the function's capability using a wormlike micellar system.
  • The function's modularity allows for adaptation to other regular body shapes.

Conclusions:

  • The new hybrid function offers a versatile approach for characterizing complex hierarchical structures.
  • This method enhances the assessment of semi-ordered, tortuous systems with local cylindrical geometry.
  • The tool is applicable to various scattering techniques for materials analysis.