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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 7, 2026

Enrichment of Bruch's Membrane from Human Donor Eyes
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Age-related macular degeneration: a complementopathy?

Aize Kijlstra1, Tos T J M Berendschot

  • 1University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Ophthalmic Research
|July 11, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is increasingly viewed as a complementopathy due to complement system overactivity. Targeting complement factor D (FD) and modifiable risks like nutrition may offer new AMD prevention strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive eye condition common in the elderly.
  • Its development involves multiple environmental and genetic risk factors.
  • Emerging research highlights the central role of the complement system in AMD pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the concept of AMD as a 'complementopathy' due to complement system dysregulation.
  • To review evidence linking complement activation to AMD.
  • To discuss potential therapeutic targets and preventive strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on AMD, complement system, and genetics.
  • Analysis of immunohistochemical and genetic association studies.

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  • Evaluation of preliminary therapeutic interventions targeting complement factor D (FD).

    • Main Results:

    • Drusen components activate the complement system.
    • Complement proteins are abundant in AMD eye tissues.
    • Specific genetic variants and elevated blood complement levels correlate with AMD.
    • Complement factor D (FD) inhibitors show promise in treating geographic atrophy.

    Conclusions:

    • AMD can be precisely defined as a complementopathy.
    • Complement factor D (FD) is a key enzyme in the alternative pathway and a potential therapeutic target.
    • Modifying risk factors like smoking and nutrition may aid in AMD prevention.