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Related Concept Videos

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography01:27

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

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DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
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Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography01:22

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IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...
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Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
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Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

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Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
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Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography01:24

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IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...
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Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
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Advances in CT imaging for urolithiasis.

Yasir Andrabi1, Manuel Patino1, Chandan J Das2

  • 1Department of Radiology, Division of Abdominal Imaging and Intervention Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.

Indian Journal of Urology : IJU : Journal of the Urological Society of India
|July 14, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) is essential for diagnosing urolithiasis and guiding treatment. Newer technologies like dual-energy CT (DECT) improve stone characterization, while low-dose protocols minimize radiation exposure.

Keywords:
Advancescomputed tomographyurolithiasis

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Urology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Urolithiasis is a prevalent condition with high recurrence rates.
  • Accurate imaging is crucial for diagnosis, management, and follow-up of urinary tract stones.
  • Computed tomography (CT) is the primary imaging modality for suspected urolithiasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of multi-detector CT (MDCT) in diagnosing and evaluating urolithiasis.
  • To discuss the impact of emerging CT technologies, particularly dual-energy CT (DECT), in clinical practice.
  • To highlight advancements in CT for stone disease management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on MDCT and DECT in urolithiasis.
  • Discussion of diagnostic accuracy and clinical applications of CT technologies.
  • Analysis of technological innovations and their impact on patient care.

Main Results:

  • Unenhanced helical CT offers high sensitivity and specificity for urolithiasis diagnosis.
  • MDCT and DECT expand the utility of CT beyond initial diagnosis to treatment planning and monitoring.
  • DECT enhances pre-treatment characterization of stone composition compared to conventional MDCT.
  • Low-dose MDCT protocols and iterative reconstruction algorithms significantly reduce radiation exposure.

Conclusions:

  • MDCT is a cornerstone in the comprehensive management of urolithiasis.
  • Emerging CT technologies like DECT offer advanced capabilities for stone characterization and treatment guidance.
  • Ongoing advancements in CT aim to optimize diagnostic accuracy while minimizing radiation risks for patients with urolithiasis.