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Amide Oxygen-Assisted Palladium-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkynes
Zhenming Zhang1, Lihuan Wu1,2, Jianhua Liao1
1†School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
Abstract:
Herein, an amide oxygen-assisted palladium-catalyzed hydration reaction of alkynes is realized to prepare a series of o-acylacetanilide derivatives with high yield, and single regioselectivity under mild reaction conditions. This transformation is simple, practical, and can be performed on a gram scale. Evaluation of the mechanism shows that the reaction should involve an oxypalladation process, and the 1,3-oxazine compound is proven to be a key intermediate.
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02:40Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration
Analogous to alkenes, alkynes also undergo acid-catalyzed hydration. While the addition of water to an alkene gives an alcohol, hydration of alkynes produces different products such as aldehydes and ketones.
02:47Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
02:24Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
02:45Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes
02:27Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction
Alkylation of terminal alkynes with primary alkyl halides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide is one of the common methods for the synthesis of longer carbon-chain alkynes. For example, treatment of 1-propyne with sodium amide followed by reaction with ethyl bromide yields 2-pentyne.
02:34Preparation of Alkynes: Dehydrohalogenation
Alkynes can be prepared by dehydrohalogenation of vicinal or geminal dihalides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide in liquid ammonia. The reaction proceeds with the loss of two equivalents of hydrogen halide (HX) via two successive E2 elimination reactions.