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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Type-2 diabetes: Current understanding and future perspectives.

Ankita Pandey1, Sheetal Chawla1, Prasenjit Guchhait1

  • 1Disease Biology Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India.

IUBMB Life
|July 17, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases are rising public health crises, especially in South Asia. Lifestyle changes and early life factors contribute to metabolic dysfunction, necessitating holistic prevention and treatment strategies.

Keywords:
dyslipidemiainsulin resistanceintrauterine programmingobesitythrifty phenotype and inflammationtype-2 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Type-2 diabetes is a global epidemic, disproportionately affecting developing nations due to lifestyle shifts.
  • In South Asia, diabetes is a significant independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.
  • The "thin-fat Indian" phenotype is particularly vulnerable to metabolic disorders from poor diet and sedentary habits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology, mechanisms, and risk factors of diabetes and cardiovascular disorders.
  • To highlight the specific challenges and contributing factors within the Indian subcontinent.
  • To inform preventive and therapeutic strategies for these conditions.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article, synthesizing existing epidemiological and mechanistic data.
  • Focus is placed on South Asian populations, particularly India.
  • The review examines risk factors including lifestyle, genetics, and intrauterine programming.

Main Results:

  • Type-2 diabetes pathogenesis involves pancreatic islet beta-cell dysfunction, leading to insulin resistance and obesity.
  • Urbanization in India exacerbates metabolic risks through high-calorie diets and inactivity.
  • Impaired fetal development due to poor maternal health can initiate metabolic dysfunction early in life.

Conclusions:

  • A holistic approach is crucial, integrating maternal/child health, diet, exercise, and pharmacological interventions.
  • Addressing hyperglycemia, obesity, and cardiovascular complications is key to managing the diabetes epidemic.
  • Understanding regional risk factors in the Indian subcontinent is vital for effective public health interventions.