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Pathophysiology of tic disorders.

Dorin Yael1, Esther Vinner1, Izhar Bar-Gad1

  • 1The Leslie & Susan Goldschmied (Gonda) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.

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Summary

Tourette syndrome (TS) and tic disorders (TDs) involve more than just tics. This review simplifies their complex brain mechanisms by dividing them into key components for better understanding.

Keywords:
Tourette's syndromeanimal modelbasal ganglianeurophysiologytics

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Tics are the hallmark symptom of Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders (TDs).
  • The pathophysiology of TDs is complex, involving multiple brain areas and pathways.
  • Understanding these complexities is crucial for developing effective treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To simplify the complex pathophysiology of tic disorders (TDs).
  • To divide the pathophysiology into key components based on converging human and animal model data.
  • To provide a focused definition of neuronal systems involved in TD processes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of converging data from human and animal model studies.
  • Analysis of distinct brain pathways mediating tic expression, premonitory urges, comorbidities, and behavioral state.
  • Examination of the corticobasal ganglia pathway's interaction with motor, sensory, limbic, and executive networks.

Main Results:

  • Tic expression involves specific corticobasal ganglia pathways.
  • Premonitory urges, comorbidities, and behavioral state changes involve distinct but interacting neural networks.
  • Neuromodulators play a role in controlling these components.

Conclusions:

  • Dividing TD pathophysiology into key components simplifies understanding.
  • Identifying specific neuronal systems involved in each component enhances comprehension of TDs.
  • This approach facilitates a more focused definition of the pathophysiology of tic disorders.