Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 6, 2026
Full-root Aortic Valve Replacement by Stentless Aortic Xenografts in Patients with Small Aortic Roots
Published on: May 21, 2017
Xenograft bioprosthetic heart valves: Past, present and future
Rizwan A Manji1, Whayoung Lee2, David K C Cooper2
1Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Cardiac Sciences Program, Winnipeg Regional Health Authority and St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Abstract:
The transplantation (implantation) of xenograft heart valves into humans has been carried out for >50 years. There has been considerable research into making this form of xenotransplantation successful, though it is not perfect yet. We review the understanding of the immune response to xenograft heart valves. Important steps in the history include understanding (i) the importance of glutaraldehyde in decreasing the immune response and (ii) the relationship between calcification (which is the main problem leading to xenograft failure) and the immune response. We subsequently discuss the importance of identifying xenoantigens that are important in leading to xenograft valve failure, and the potential of genetically-engineered pigs to allow the development of the 'ideal' heart valve for clinical valve replacement.
