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Anthrax Pathogenesis.

Mahtab Moayeri1, Stephen H Leppla1, Catherine Vrentas1

  • 1Microbial Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; email: mmoayeri@niaid.nih.gov , sleppla@niaid.nih.gov , catherine.vrentas@gmail.com , apomerantsev@niaid.nih.gov , shliu@niaid.nih.gov.

Annual Review of Microbiology
|July 22, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anthrax toxins, including protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF), are key virulence factors of Bacillus anthracis. These toxins disrupt host cell signaling, impacting immune responses and leading to severe illness.

Keywords:
anthrax toxinsedema factorlethal factorprotective antigen

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Pathogenesis
  • Bacterial Virulence Factors

Background:

  • Anthrax is a severe infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis.
  • Key virulence factors include anthrax toxins and a polyglutamic capsule.
  • These factors are encoded by plasmids pXO1 and pXO2, regulated by AtxA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the critical role of anthrax toxins in disease development.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which toxins contribute to pathogenesis.
  • To briefly discuss other virulence factors, vaccines, and therapeutics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Bacillus anthracis pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of the composition and function of anthrax toxins (PA, LF, EF).
  • Examination of toxin interactions with host cell signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • Anthrax toxins, formed by PA, LF, and EF, are essential for virulence.
  • PA facilitates cellular entry of LF (protease) and EF (adenylate cyclase).
  • Toxins disrupt host innate immunity and cause vascular collapse.

Conclusions:

  • Anthrax toxins are central to the pathogenesis of anthrax.
  • Understanding toxin mechanisms is crucial for developing effective countermeasures.
  • Further research into virulence determinants, vaccines, and therapies is warranted.