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Related Concept Videos

Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions-Peroxide Effect02:35

Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions-Peroxide Effect

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In the presence of organic peroxides, the addition of hydrogen bromide to an alkene yields the isomer that is not predicted by Markovnikov’s rule. For example, the addition of hydrogen bromide to 2-methylpropene in the presence of peroxides gives 1-bromo-2-methylpropane. This addition reaction proceeds via a free radical mechanism, which reverses the regioselectivity. The free radical reaction mechanism involves three stages: initiation, propagation, and termination.
11.7K
Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

21.2K
Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
21.2K
Radical Anti-Markovnikov Addition to Alkenes: Overview01:25

Radical Anti-Markovnikov Addition to Alkenes: Overview

4.4K
The addition of hydrogen bromide to alkenes in the presence of hydroperoxides or peroxides proceeds via an anti-Markovnikov pathway and yields alkyl bromides.
4.4K
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene01:15

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

13.0K
Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...
13.0K
Radical Substitution: Allylic Bromination01:27

Radical Substitution: Allylic Bromination

6.9K
In organic synthesis, the formation of products can be altered by changing the reaction conditions. For example, a dibromo addition product is formed when propene is treated with bromine at room temperature. In contrast, propene undergoes allylic substitution in non-polar solvents at high temperatures to give 3-bromopropene. In order to avoid the addition reaction, the bromine concentration must be kept as low as possible throughout the reaction. This can be achieved using N-bromosuccinimide...
6.9K
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene01:13

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

8.0K
Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
8.0K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 6, 2026

Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films
08:12

Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films

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Two-Photon Absorption in Organometallic Bromide Perovskites.

Grant Walters1, Brandon R Sutherland1, Sjoerd Hoogland1

  • 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada.

ACS Nano
|July 22, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Organometallic trihalide perovskites exhibit two-photon absorption, enabling their use in ultrafast photonics. Researchers quantified this nonlinear absorption in single crystals, demonstrating their potential as low-cost photodetectors.

Keywords:
CH3NH3PbBr3autocorrelatorperovskitephotoconductortwo-photon absorption

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Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films
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Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
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Inkjet Printing All Inorganic Halide Perovskite Inks for Photovoltaic Applications
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Optoelectronics
  • Quantum Optics

Background:

  • Organometallic trihalide perovskites are solution-processed semiconductors with applications in optoelectronics.
  • Recent advances allow synthesis of large, high-purity single crystals.
  • These crystals offer a unique platform for studying nonlinear optical phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and quantify two-photon absorption in organometallic trihalide perovskite single crystals.
  • To explore the potential of these perovskites as nonlinear absorbers in ultrafast photonics.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of large, high-purity methylammonium lead bromide (CH3NH3PbBr3) single crystals.
  • Pumping crystals with intense 800 nm light to observe photoluminescence.
  • Measurement of the nonlinear absorption coefficient.
  • Fabrication of a two-photon perovskite photodetector for laser autocorrelation.

Main Results:

  • Observation of band-to-band photoluminescence at 572 nm upon 800 nm excitation, confirming two-photon absorption.
  • Determination of the nonlinear absorption coefficient of CH3NH3PbBr3 to be 8.6 cm GW(-1).
  • Successful electrical autocorrelation of a 100 fs pulsed laser using the perovskite photodetector.

Conclusions:

  • Organometallic trihalide perovskites exhibit significant two-photon absorption properties.
  • These materials are viable, low-cost nonlinear absorbers for ultrafast photonics applications.
  • Perovskite single crystals provide a robust platform for fundamental optical studies and device development.