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Influenza A Viruses of Human Origin in Swine, Brazil

Martha I Nelson, Rejane Schaefer, Danielle Gava

    Emerging Infectious Diseases
    |July 22, 2015
    PubMed

    Insights

    Influenza A viruses, including novel strains, have circulated undetected in Brazilian swine for over a decade. This viral diversity complicates vaccine development and underscores the need for enhanced surveillance in Latin America.

    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary Virology
    • Epidemiology
    • Molecular Evolution

    Background:

    • The 2009 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic's origins remain unclear, partly due to limited swine surveillance in Latin America.
    • Influenza was not considered endemic in Brazilian swine before the 2009 A(H1N1)pdm09 outbreaks, despite Brazil's large swine population.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the evolutionary origins and diversity of influenza viruses in Brazilian swine.
    • To identify previously uncharacterized influenza virus strains circulating in swine populations.
    • To assess the impact of viral reassortment on influenza diversity in Brazil.

    Main Methods:

    • Phylogenetic analysis of whole-genome sequences.
    • Analysis of influenza viruses (H1N1, H1N2, H3N2) collected from swine in Brazil between 2009 and 2012.

    Main Results:

    • Identification of multiple previously uncharacterized influenza viruses of human seasonal H1N2 and H3N2 origin circulating undetected in swine for over a decade.
    • Evidence of increased viral diversity in Brazil due to reassortment between co-circulating viruses, including A(H1N1)pdm09.
    • Detection of multiple divergent hemagglutinin lineages within circulating swine influenza strains.

    Conclusions:

    • Influenza A viruses have circulated extensively and diversely in Brazilian swine, originating from human seasonal strains.
    • The presence of multiple divergent hemagglutinin lineages poses challenges for developing effective cross-protective influenza vaccines.
    • Enhanced and continuous influenza surveillance in swine populations in Latin America is crucial.
    Keywords:
    Brazilevolutionhumansinfluenzainfluenza A virusinterspecies transmissionpigsreassortmentswineviruseszoonoses

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