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Updated: Apr 6, 2026
Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements
Published on: January 7, 2019
Peripheral proinflammatory markers associated with ketamine response in a preclinical model of
Adam J Walker1, Brittany M Foley2, Shari L Sutor3
1Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester MN 55905, United States; School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood VIC 3125, Australia.
Abstract:
Ketamine, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist and anti-inflammatory agent, has rapid therapeutic effects in a subset of patients with more intractable forms of depression. Irregular proinflammatory cytokine and acute-reactive protein levels have been reported in clinical and preclinical depression research. We explored the association between the rapid antidepressant-like effects of ketamine and peripheral proinflammatory profile in a model of antidepressant-resistance. Male Wistar rats were pre-treated with ACTH-(1-24) 100μg/d or saline (0.9%) for 14d. Antidepressant-like effects were assessed with the forced swim test (FST). Ketamine (10mg/kg) significantly reduced immobility duration in saline-pretreated control animals. In contrast, a divergent response was observed in ACTH-pretreated antidepressant resistant animals, with 50% responders and 50% non-responders. Plasma samples were analyzed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Levels of CRP and TNFα differentiated ketamine responders and non-responders.
