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Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

59.4K
Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

1.4K
Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

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In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
5.3K
Redox Equilibria: Overview01:23

Redox Equilibria: Overview

1.7K
A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions03:11

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

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Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
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Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents01:26

Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

1.8K
Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...
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Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-phosphinetriyltripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions
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Redox-Active NO(x) Ligands in Palladium-Mediated Processes.

Ian J S Fairlamb1

  • 1Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of York, Chemistry, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD (UK). ijsf1@york.ac.uk.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|July 28, 2015
PubMed
Summary

This review explores the redox and non-innocent roles of nitrogen oxide (NOx) ligands in palladium-catalyzed reactions. It links C-H activation and Wacker oxidation mechanisms with prior palladium chemistry research.

Keywords:
CC couplingoxidationpalladiumreaction mechanismsredox reactions

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Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Organic Synthesis

Background:

  • Palladium-catalyzed reactions are crucial in organic synthesis.
  • Nitrogen oxide (NOx) ligands exhibit complex redox properties.
  • Understanding ligand behavior is key to optimizing catalytic processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the redox and non-innocent behavior of NOx ligands in Pd-mediated processes.
  • To focus on mechanistic understanding of these transformations.
  • To connect recent advancements with established palladium chemistry.

Main Methods:

  • Minireview of existing literature.
  • Analysis of redox properties of NOx ligands.
  • Mechanistic investigation of Pd-catalyzed oxidations.

Main Results:

  • NOx ligands actively participate in redox cycles during catalysis.
  • Non-innocent nature of NOx ligands influences reaction pathways.
  • Established links between C-H activation, Wacker oxidation, and NOx ligand behavior.

Conclusions:

  • The redox and non-innocent characteristics of NOx ligands are vital in Pd-mediated alkene and aromatic oxidations.
  • Mechanistic insights facilitate the development of new synthetic methodologies.
  • This understanding bridges current research with historical palladium chemistry.