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Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. Their catalytic efficiency values range from 108-109 M-1s-1. These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.

Most enzymes...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
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The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 6, 2026

Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents

Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents

Published on: May 28, 2014

Finding the Most Catalytically Active Platinum Clusters With Low Atomicity.

Takane Imaoka¹, Hirokazu Kitazawa¹, Wang-Jae Chun²

¹Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503 (Japan).

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)

|July 28, 2015

Summary

The catalytic activity of platinum clusters dramatically changes with just one atom difference. Platinum-19 (Pt19) clusters, with 19 atoms, show the highest catalytic performance among small clusters.

Keywords:

catalysts cluster compounds dendrimers oxygen reduction reaction platinum

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Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance

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Last Updated: Apr 6, 2026

Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents

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Published on: May 28, 2014

Catalytic Reactions at Amine-Stabilized and Ligand-Free Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Titania During Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Aldehydes

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Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance

Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance

Published on: April 27, 2018

Area of Science:

Catalysis research
Nanomaterials science
Surface chemistry

Background:

Subnanometer metal clusters exhibit unique catalytic properties.
Catalytic activity is highly sensitive to atomic structure and electronic configuration.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate atomicity-specific catalytic activity of small platinum clusters.
Identify the most catalytically active platinum cluster size below 20 atoms.

Main Methods:

Electrochemical studies on platinum clusters with atomicity ranging from 12 to 20.
Theoretical calculations to understand structure-activity relationships.

Main Results:

Platinum clusters with small atomicity (<20 atoms) possess distinct atomic coordination structures.
Pt19 clusters demonstrated superior catalytic activity compared to other sizes.
A common structural motif correlating with high catalytic performance was proposed.

Conclusions:

Atomic precision is crucial for tuning catalytic activity in subnanometer clusters.
Pt19 represents a highly active catalytic species for specific applications.
Understanding cluster structure is key to designing efficient catalysts.